For university students, the pandemic brought about disruptions to life as they knew it. Current Psychology, 36(4), 875887. These are potential areas of practice for college counselors and counselors serving university students. Given findings of the relationship between PsyCap and well-being in the current study, as well as in prior research (F. Luthans et al., 2006; F. Luthans et al., 2015; McGonigal, 2015), counselors may wish to focus on developing PsyCap to help university students flourish both during the pandemic and in a post-pandemic world. Recognize that the current circumstances are hard for everyone. Newman, A., Ucbasaran, D., Zhu, F., & Hirst, G. (2014). The coping strategy of behavioral, Fig 6. Students use of religious coping, Fig 7. [PDF] Coping Strategies Used by Student Nurses during COVID-19 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Avey, J. The first pillar, positive emotion (P), is the affective component comprising the feelings of joy, hope, pleasure, rapture, happiness, and contentment. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x. 216.368.2000 Students practiced their emerging skills in simulated emergency scenarios. An official website of the United States government. 2023 Feb 10;13(2):429-439. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe13020032. Disclaimer. Studies show that all five pillars of well-being in the PERMA model are associated with better academic outcomes in students, such as improved college life adjustment, achievement, and overall life satisfaction (Butler & Kern, 2016; DeWitz et al., 2009; Tansey et al., 2018). Coping Skills Next are engagement (E), the act of being highly interested, absorbed, or focused in daily life activities, and relationships (R), the feelings of being cared about by others and authentically and securely connected to others. B., & Everette James, A. Instead of worrying about our ambiguous future, focus on solving immediate problems. Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. With that in mind, it is important to detect individuals at risk of developing depressive symptoms early and identify protective factors. during COVID-19 Webstudents felt a lack of motivation, anxiety, stress, and isolation. As a flexible learning method, most schools chose Fig 2. A negative relationship was found between the self-confident approach, seeking social support and the students anxiety levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Orthopsychiatry. https://doi.org/10.2196/20185, Hunt, J., & Eisenberg, D. (2010). The COVID-19 pandemic may be stressful. (PDF) STUDENT ENGAGEMENT, CHALLENGES AND COPING E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, Findings on the effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategies versus emotion-focused coping strategies suggest the effectiveness of the particular strategy is contingent on the context, with controllable issues being better addressed through problem-focused strategies, while emotion-focused strategies are more effective with circumstances that cannot be controlled (Finkelstein-Fox & Park, 2019). Results indicated that PsyCap affected well-being both directly and indirectly through coping strategies. For example, students had to stay home, adapt to online learning, modify internship placements, and/or reconsider graduation plans and jobs. The coping strategy of positive reframing (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 6. Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). 10.1007/s12144-020-01304-z The PERMA-Profiler (Butler & Kern, 2016) is a 23-item self-report measure that assesses the level of well-being across five well-being domains (i.e., positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment) and additional subscales that measure negative emotion, loneliness, and physical health. Positivity: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. Research Question 2 Conclusions: Coping strategies are significant predictors for mental health WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127152. Yet, despite the rapid emergence of these important studies, we still know little about how college students . Wiley. University students' strategies of coping with stress during the This study is qualitative research with a case College Quarterly, 16(1). Gallup. It was found that nursing students have negative coping methods, such as not being able to manage time well due to constraints at home and spending too much time on the phone, internet, and computer. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. Experimentally analyzing the impact of leader positivity on follower positivity and performance. Results of a repeated-measures ANOVA presented in Figure 1 indicate that mean scores of PERMA decreased significantly during COVID-19: = .620; F (5,604) = 73.99, p < .001. Whether youre a graduate student or an undergrad, youre probably feeling anxious, sad and uncertain. Luthans, F., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2017). Covid-19 P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. -. https://www.immagic.com/eLibrary/ARCHIVES/GENERAL/ACCA_US/A081007G.pdf, Teixeira RJ, Brando T, Dores AR. Maslow's hierarchy of needs during COVID-19 (2019). Michaels, P. J., Corrigan, P. W., Kanodia, N., Buchholz, B., & Abelson, S. (2015). Researchers have also examined the mediating role of PsyCap in the relationship between positive emotion and academic performance (Carmona-Halty et al., 2019; Hazan Liran & Miller, 2019; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012; K. W. Luthans et al., 2016); relationships and predictions between PsyCap and mental health in university students (Selvaraj & Bhat, 2018); and relationships between PsyCap, well-being, and coping (Rabenu et al., 2017). (2010). The experience of emotional wellbeing. These feelings are normal. WebSupport in faith was a positive predictor for perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. student during Available from: Mackenzie S, Wiegel JR, Mundt M, Brown D, Saewyc E, Heiligenstein E, et al.. Depression and suicide ideation among students accessing campus health care. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526, Carmona-Halty, M., Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2019). Psychological capital and well-being. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 26(3), 329347. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered several social and psychological consequences, such as anxiety, psychological distress, and burnout. Our mental health is in constant flux and ebbs and flows on a daily basis. Measuring PERMA+ in South Australia, the State of Wellbeing: A comparison with national and international norms. Careers. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.004, Avey, J. Americans stress, worry and anger intensified in 2018. Find new ways to celebrate. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6). Consider recreating important events once its safe. P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. Oxford Economic Papers, 64(1), 126. The overall reliability coefficient of well-being items is very high ( = .94). Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. WebAlly parents are parents of trans* and nonbinary youth across the country who volunteer their time to support young people who may lack or not yet have parental support. STUDENT (2015). This instrument is used widely in studies with university students (e.g., Madhyastha et al., 2014; Miyazaki et al., 2008). Research Question 3 As a flexible learning method, most schools chose online distance learning (ODL). Guilford. Miyazaki, Y., Bodenhorn, N., Zalaquett, C., & Ng, K.-M. (2008). https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111107810, DeWitz, S. J., Woolsey, M. L., & Walsh, W. B. After a thorough review of the literature, three standardized measures were identified for use in the study along with a brief survey for demographic information. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267. As the students collaborated with one another, they gained greater appreciation for one anothers disciplines and unique skill sets, Johnson-Huff said. Washington Post. A brief questionnaire was used to capture participant information. (F. Luthans et al., 2015, p. 2). Students Students https://news.gallup.com/poll/249098/americans-stress-worry-anger-intensified-2018.aspx. Journal of Mental Health, 27(3), 279287. Point-biserial correlation and Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationships of demographic variables, PsyCap, and coping strategies with change in PERMA scores. The findings of this study should be considered in light of certain limitations. Adaptive coping strategiessuch as active coping, acceptance, using emotional support, and positive reframingwere found to better aid in predicting well-being. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationships among well-being in university students before and during the onset of COVID-19 with PsyCap and coping strategies. The use of LMS in learning activities can be done anywhere. Your classes may now be virtual. Fig 3. The impact of COVID-19 on student equity and inclusion: Supporting vulnerable students during school closures and school re-openings 19 November 2020 Abstract A holistic approach to education that addresses students learning, social and emotional needs is crucial, especially in times of crisis. * p < .05, ** p < .01. 8600 Rockville Pike Some students coped with the shared trauma of the COVID-19 pandemic by focusing their energy inward and using this time for self-care, or Mental health priorities: Stigma elimination and community advocacy in college settings. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00306, Carver, C. S. (1997). 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054 Moderate level of perceived stress is indicated among the BSc Nursing students studying in nursing colleges located in Pune, with mean perceived stress score of the students Nurses being 21.88, and the mean coping strategies score was 74.38. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352, Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). But during COVID-19, the relevance of self-efficacy in predicting PERMA elements was limited to controllable factorsrelationships, meaning, and physical healthand the predictive role of self-efficacy overall was no longer significant (see Table 2). Coefficients of determination for models predicting well-being from PsyCap dimensions ranged from 4% to 28%. Coping with COVID-19-related stress as Coping in the era of coronavirus: A webinar for students, APA electronic resources available for distance learning, Free Access to the Publication Manual and Other Resources During the Coronavirus Pandemic. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article Students American Psychological Association. Strategies and programming to develop wellness can be delivered in one-on-one sessions with students, as well as in group settings, and may have either a prevention or intervention focus. Implications and recommendations for psychoeducation and counseling interventions to promote PsyCap and adaptive coping strategies in university students are presented. Researchers have reported that high levels of technology and social media use are associated with depression and anxiety among adolescents and young adults (Huckins et al., 2020; Primack et al., 2017; Twenge, 2017). Experiences and Coping Strategies of College Students Mallhi TH, Ahmad N, Salman M, Tanveer N, Shah S, Butt MH, Alatawi AD, Alotaibi NH, Rahman HU, Alzarea AI, Alanazi AS, Alzahrani MS, Alshehri S, Aljabri A, Khan YH. Objectives To assess the psychological distress, anxiety, depression, coping strategies, In future, researchers may wish to investigate whether PsyCap predicts longitudinal changes in well-being in the COVID-19 context. Journal of College Student Development, 50(1), 1934. Covid-19 Support expected during the pandemic: Type and source. Several researchers have found that relatively short training in PsyCap interventions, including web-based platforms (Dello Russo & Stoykova, 2015; Demerouti et al., 2011; Ertosun et al., 2015; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012, 2013) have been effective. Peter C. Mather, PhD, is a professor and department chair at Ohio University. Is there a significant difference in the well-being of university students prior to the onset of COVID-19 (reported retrospectively) and after the onset of COVID-19? Adaptive coping strategies were also conducive to well-being. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered several social and psychological consequences, such as anxiety, psychological distress, and burnout. In Poland, the transfer to online teaching was announced without prior warning, which Flourishing: The PERMA Well-Being Model for Students Risk perceptions, fear, depression, anxiety, stress and coping among Saudi nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 282294. Specifically, we found coping through self-blame playing a mediating role between PERMA factors and two of the HERO dimensionsresilience and hope. Eat well. For the present study, reliability scores were high for four pillarspositive emotion ( = .88), relationships ( = .83), meaning ( = .89), accomplishment ( = .82); high for the subscales of negative emotion ( = .73) and physical health ( = .85); and moderate for the pillar of engagement ( = .65). Cluster analysis for strategies of coping with stress. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062106, Deaton, A. Prior to exploring the role of PsyCap and coping strategies on change in well-being due to COVID-19, an initial analysis was conducted to understand the characteristics and relationships of constructs in the study. Legal Notice | Privacy Policy, 11235 Bellflower Road By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Before the onset of COVID-19, 23% of the variance in well-being was explained by the PsyCap dimensions (R2 = .23, p < .001), with self-efficacy and optimism as the most significant predictors of well-being. (2009). Students substance use (mean) and sources of expected support during the COVID-19 pandemic, Fig 9. Westers recommends trying some of these techniques to help your child cope with back-to-school anxiety during COVID-19: Validate and listen to any concerns. Seligmans (2011) PERMA model is one of the most highly regarded models of well-being. A sudden and far-reaching change in daily functioning caused anxiety, depression, and stress in this group. When news of Covid-19 first started circulating, no one believed it would still be impacting our lives today. Limitations and Directions for Future Research. National Survey of College Counseling Centers 2014. International Association of Counseling Services, Inc. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/28178. Good relationships, good performance: The mediating role of psychological capital: A three-wave study among students. Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 467487. Participants reported higher levels of negative emotion and loneliness after the onset of COVID-19, and a decrease in positive emotion. Interestingly, using emotional support also showed a similar mediating link between resilience and PERMA, but not for the factors of loneliness and negative emotion. Transition Back to School COVID-19 is challenging us to be creative in being emotionally close but socially distant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 877891. (2009). Positive expectancies and mental health: Identifying the unique contributions of hope and optimism. Stumbling on happiness. Field, A. Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 548556. OH Aim of the Study and Research Questions Epub 2021 May 12. How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. Further, PsyCap HERO dimensions were negatively correlated to negative emotion and loneliness. 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The five pillars of well-being are defined and measured separately but are correlated constructs that together are considered to result in flourishing (Seligman, 2011). Sci Prog. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903157166, Gallagher, R. P. (2014). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Engagement coping includes problem-focused coping and some forms of emotion-focused coping, such as support seeking, emotion regulation, acceptance, and cognitive restructuring. (2017). The final two pillars are meaning (M), a sense of purpose in life that is derived from something greater than oneself, and accomplishment (A), a persistent drive that helps one progress toward personal goals and provides one with a sense of achievement in life.
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