Best known are the members of the genus Paradisaea, including the type species, the greater bird-of-paradise, Paradisaea apoda. [9], Even the birds-of-paradise that are primarily insect eaters will still take large amounts of fruit. Plants tend to fan out as they grow, and more flowers form along the outside edges of the plant clump. The bird of paradise, also known by its botanical name Strelitzia, is an eye-catching plant that boasts gorgeous orange or white flowers that look like a tropical bird. Bird of paradise may be fertilized with a peat-based product twice a month during growing season. 2023 Gardening Know How, Future US LLC, Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036. Caesalpinia gilliesii, commonly known as yellow bird of paradise, poinsiana, or bird of paradise bush, is a shrub-like form of Caesalpinia native to Argentina and Uruguay It is evergreen in warmer climates and has red or yellow azalea-like flowers that bloom in July and August. The flowers sit on top of green canes with horizontal blue-grey bracts that sit horizontally. Place floating row-covers in your garden as this will prevent egg-laying insects from getting to your bird of paradise. https://www.networkadvertising.org/understanding-online-advertising/what-are-my-options. Common Name: Bird of paradise Scientific Name: Strelitzia spp Soil: Organic potting soil Light: Full sun Water: Moist summer, almost dry winter Food: Houseplant food Temperature and Humidity:. One of the best areas for the plant is in Southern California, where it seems ubiquitous along sidewalks and promenades. Grasshoppers love eating the foliage on your bird of paradise. [9], Plumage variation between the sexes is closely related to breeding system. The birds-of-paradise have a variety of breeding systems, ranging from monogamy to lek-type[2] polygamy. Their presence is obvious when you see bite marks on the foliage. Although it develops better when it is exposed to the sun, it tolerates to a certain . . Light: P. Bird of Paradise Plant in 10 in. Leaf borers may be seen attacking flower bracts in late summer. Use hard pressure water and repeat the spraying process to get the most bang for your buck. If you find soft, silky webbing on your bird of paradise, chances are youve got an invasion of spider mites. Flying Duck Orchid. Bird of Paradise is known not only for its beauty but for being a healthy and robust plant. . Some examples of these predatory insects are ladybugs, lacewings, and parasitic wasps. Gray Planter. The color of the leaves varies from glossy, deep green, to blue-green, to muted gray-green. For the most part they are confined to dense rainforest habitat. From these flowers seed is generated and pollinated by a host of insects. If the first application doesnt work, try again in a week or two. Most bugs that attack birds of paradise do best in poorly ventilated rooms and corners. Different birds act as pollinators for different bird-of-paradise, but some birds, like sunbirds, have been found to be nectar robbers, avoiding the flowers pollinating parts and just eating the nectar. You can also wipe off the pests using alcohol-soaked cotton swabs. Female King-of-Saxony bird-of-paradise specimen. Climate: tropics, sub-tropics, warm temperate and sheltered areas of cold temperate. Strelitzia juncea is hardy in Zones 9. They are rivalled only by a few pheasants and hummingbirds in colour and in the bizarre shape of the males' plumage. [9] Mid-montane habitats are the most commonly occupied habitat, with thirty of the forty species occurring in the 10002000 m altitudinal band. The often footless and wingless condition of the skins led to the belief that the birds never landed but were kept permanently aloft by their plumes. Apply a thorough coating until the rush runs off your bird of paradise, ensuring to cover the backs of the leaves. Orange sepals and blue petals emerge from a modified leaf known as a bract. Spacing out your houseplants and reducing localized humidity can help keep most bugs at bay. It can be grown outdoors in a frost-free location with protection from strong winds. This is particularly noticeable in the garden or outdoors, where they can spread from plant to plant. Species from two entirely different plant genera share this common name, and that's almost the only thing similar about them. It has very thin, almost reed-like leaves and grows in a dense clump, making it a lovely accent plant. You can also use a strong jet of water to knock mealybugs off your bird of paradise. The plume from the bird of paradise was used in the Royal crown worn by the, This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 12:44. Courting males perform for hours on a chosen perch or in a cleared space (see lek) on the forest floor. The uniquely shaped flowers are said to look like a bird in flight, and make long-lasting cut flowers. The flowers bloom from spring to late summer, and they produce copious amounts of nectar that is attractive to sunbirds in their native Africa and orioles in the US. Coat your bird of paradise thoroughly with the oil spray to suffocate the bugs. This couldnt be truer when it comes to protecting your bird of paradise from pests and diseases. [22] Eggs hatch after 1622 days, and the young leave the nest at between 16 and 30 days of age. Permethrin sprays are another effective control for leaf borers. When you see a line of leaf borers on your bird of paradise, just squish them by pressing your fingers between the affected areas. Stop fertilizing during winter. [9] The silktail of Fiji has been linked with the birds-of-paradise many times since its discovery, but never formally assigned to the family. "[24] This is the origin of both the name "bird of paradise" and the specific name apoda without feet. Minor invasions of grasshoppers are easy to keep under control. White Egret Flower. Whats worse, the bird of paradise doesnt do well in poorly aerated and crammed-up areas. Once established they are fairly drought tolerant. Mature Height (ft) 6. In temperate areas it is a popular houseplant. In maturity and with enough light, the Bird of Paradise will produce these exotic blue-and-white flower, resembling the head of a crane. The Bird Of Paradise, or 'Crane Flower' plant is known for its stunning flowers that resemble the shape of a tropical bird. If you catch the infestation early when the scale insects are still crawlers, you can easily use insecticidal soap spray to get rid of them. They're also great houseplants that have enjoyed a recent surge in popularity. Credit: Lon & George Origins and History. Vector set of tropical plants bird of paradise flower or strelitzia reginae and alpinia purpurata with leaves isolated on white background. Even when not in flower, it's a striking house plant with large, blue-grey, paddle-like leaves on elegant stems. There are two types of scale that can afflict a bird of paradise: armored and soft. For other uses, see, The authority for the family Paradisaeidae has traditionally been attributed to the Irish zoologist, Sibley, . I usually use an expertly-formulated B.t. To get rid of bugs on bird of paradise use a cotton swab with 70% isopropyl alcohol or rubbing alcohol. Mealybugs leave a black mold stain on your plant that looks like soot, which is an easy way to identify their presence. Some even feed on the stem, leaving unsightly bruises. Height: to around 1.2m tall by 2-3m wide with age Foliage: similar to a small banana leaf but on a stem, very rigid, green to grey-blue. Dont forget that soil needs good aeration to stay healthy and dry out uniformly. If you give your plant too much fertilizer, it will cause root damage and make your bird of paradise susceptible to pests. This page contains pictures and information about Bird of Paradise Flies - Violet Phoenix that we found in the Brisbane area, Queensland, Australia. In most species, the tails of the males are larger and longer than the female, the differences ranging from slight to extreme. This is to protect their large leaves from snapping from rain and wind. When the bird flies to another flower, it lands on the prominent and sticky stigma and deposits pollen, before hopping in for another nectar treat. An insecticidal oil spray is quite effective against the vast majority of bird of paradise bugs. It is impossible for mealybugs to go more than a day without re-feeding. If everything else doesnt seem to fight the invasion, you can resort to chemical controls. The Bird of Paradise plant is native to the South African Cape Provinces and to KwaZulu-Natal. The most famous and noticeable part of bird-of-paradise is its flowers. "The Lesser Melampitta is a Bird of Paradise", Last edited on 16 February 2023, at 12:44, Rothschild's lobe-billed bird-of-paradise, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, "Crows, mudnesters, melampittas, Ifrit, birds-of-paradise", "Evolution of correlated complexity in the radically different courtship signals of birds-of-paradise", "On the characters and natural affinities of several new birds from Australasia; including some observations on the Columbidae", "Observations on the natural affinities that connect the orders and families of birds", "An unexpectedly long history of sexual selection in birds-of-paradise", "What is not a bird of paradise? Caterpillars are usually invasive to outdoor or garden birds of paradise. She is a Master Gardener and lead gardener in a Plant-A-Row, which is a program that offers thousands of pounds of organically-grown vegetables to local food banks. Bird of Paradise Plants for Sale: Here you'll find the White Bird of Paradise Plant available in both 6" ($34.99) or 10" ($109.95) options. The flowers are slightly smaller than those of Strelitzia reginae, but are the same color. [21], Societies of New Guinea often use bird-of-paradise plumes in their dress and rituals, and the plumes were popular in Europe in past centuries as adornment for ladies' millinery. [15] Several species have been recorded in coastal mangroves. Bird Head Orchid. Armored scale are small, less than an eighth of an inch long, flattened, and covered with a thin protective plate. [10], The exact limits of the family have been the subject of revision as well. Caesalpinia pulcherrima, sometimes known as red bird of paradise, pride of Barbados, or peacock flower is a fast-growing, broad-leaved evergreen shrub native to arid regions of tropical Americas. At the northern end of its range (zone 9), this bird of paradise plant can be deciduous. Bird-of-paradise belong to the same taxonomic group as ginger and banana plants. Compare $ 65 98 (3) Model# CO.3.WB11.SEA. The infestation starts as a cluster of crawlers that often appear as mobile spots on the underside of the leaves. So are the two species of Paradigalla, which are polygamous. Scale and mealybugs can be removed with rubbing alcohol. Fill a large pot that's at least 12 inches wide and deep, depending on the size of the plant with potting mix. Consider spraying again at an interval of 7 to 10 days until the invasion is put under control. [10][14].mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.1em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}, Pteridophora King of Saxony bird-of-paradise, Seleucidis twelve-wired bird-of-paradise, Semioptera standardwing bird-of-paradise, Diphyllodes birds-of-paradise (2 species), Paradisaea birds-of-paradise (6 species). Youll need full control, be it neem oil, horticultural oil, or insecticidal soap. They have been recorded in swamps, moss forests, tropical rainforests, savanna woodlands, coastal mangroves, and more. These woolly worms are larvae of a variety of butterflies and moths. But it has white sepals forming the crown and a bluish-purple tongue. The Bird of Paradise plant is also known as the Crane Flower. Male Twelve-wired Bird-of-paradise specimen. Stay in the loop with special offers, plant-parenting tips, and more. Many hybrids have been described as new species in the past,[19] and doubt remains regarding whether some forms, such as Rothschild's lobe-billed bird-of-paradise, are valid. If you notice this, try using rainwater or distilled water. While invisible to the naked eye, spider mites puncture holes into your plant, damaging the foliage of the bird of paradise. Hybrid birds-of-paradise may occur when individuals of different species, that look similar and have overlapping ranges, confuse each other for their own species and crossbreed. I love using small, nectar-producing plants to attract these beneficial insects (consider adding some yarrow, sweet alyssum, etc., to your garden). This affords the younger males the protection from predators of more subdued colours, and also reduces hostility from adult males. These tropical plants can withstand some cold, but freezes can damage the thin broad leaves. Average indoor temperatures of 65-80F are best for the Bird of Paradise. The plant is grown outdoors in warm climates and as a houseplant for its attractive foliage and unusual flowers. Because humidity is vital for your bird of paradise, its best to improve aeration around your plant. Shipping Height (in) 46. There is some niche differentiation in fruit choice by species and any one species will only consume a limited number of fruit types compared to the large choice available. Notable hatchings. Applying the oil away from direct sunlight will keep the leaves of your plant from getting burned. Isolate sick or infected plants When you spot any bugs, be sure to remove the affected plant from the rest to prevent the pests from spreading to healthy ones. The leaves are stiff clumps that sprout from a ground-level base, while the flower rests atop a rigid stalk and is composed of orange sepals and blue petals. Neem oil is a naturally occurring chemical that is extracted from the seeds of the neem tree. The Bird of Paradise is one such plant with stunning attributes you'd hardly find in other houseplants. bird-of-paradise flower, ( Strelitzia reginae ), also called crane flower, ornamental plant of the family Strelitziaceae native to South Africa. These tropical plants do best in Zone 10, though in Zone 9B you can grow them in a large containers that can be moved indoors during cold weather. It would help if you avoided scorching direct sunlight or dark areas. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Keep reading to learn more about bugs that attack bird of paradise plants. [28], The naturalist, explorer and author Alfred Russel Wallace spent six years in the region, which he chronicled in The Malay Archipelago (published in 1869). Able to grow up to six feet tall indoors, with leaves reaching 18 inches, Bird of Paradise is naturally hardy and rarely impacted by diseases and blights. Plant attractive flowers like rosemary and marigolds to encourage mealybug-eating insects. It blooms repeatedly with red-orange flowers. The majority of bugs that invade birds of paradise do thrive in wet conditions. [20], Birds-of-paradise build their nests from soft materials, such as leaves, ferns, and vine tendrils, typically placed in a tree fork. These plants don't want to dry out completely, but soggy soil is an even bigger problem. A healthy, mature bird-of-paradise can produce up to 36 flower spikes a year. It's a showy plant, which makes it all the more devastating when it runs into trouble. [25] An alternate account by Maximilianus Transylvanus used the term Mamuco Diata, a variant of Manucodiata, which was used as a synonym for birds-of-paradise up to the 19th century. Poison Control. I use ready-to-formulate spinosad concentrates to kill adult insects and curb the leaf borers population. Asiatic jasmine's texture perfectly complements the large, glossy leaves of the bird of paradise plant. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. It has somewhat better cold tolerance than C. pulcherrima, remaining evergreen down to 15 degrees Fahrenheit. When Erwin Stresemann realised that hybridisation among birds-of-paradise might be an explanation as to why so many of the described species were so rare, he examined many controversial specimens and, during the 1920s and 1930s, published several papers on his hypothesis. Strelitzia reginae, commonly known as the crane flower, bird of paradise, or isigude in Nguni, [3] is a species of flowering plant indigenous to South Africa. Some other bugs that attack bird of paradise plants include caterpillars, snails, and grasshoppers, which all make their presence known with bite marks on the leaves. In the right conditions, it can bloom year round. The leaves, stems, and flowers of your bird of paradise will be covered with honeydew. Add 2 parts potting soil and 1 part perlite for best results. It would be best if you feed your bird of paradise a water-soluble fertilizer every two weeks during spring and summer. Here are five different species from two disparate plant genera, each commonly known as "bird of paradise.". You should dry your plant out in the shade. This ultimate statement indoor plant -- Bird of Paradise -- takes plant styling to a new level! Separate the roots with your fingers or a sharp, disinfected knife. The birds of paradise produce unique sounds and bear many bright colors, with uniquely beautiful feathers. The first Europeans to encounter their skins were the voyagers in Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the Earth. Be very vigilant for grasshoppers on your outdoor bird of paradise during summer. Bird-of-paradise is one of the worlds best-known plants. The majority of species are found in eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and eastern Australia. The only other genus to have a species outside New Guinea is Phonygammus, one representative of which is found in the extreme north of Queensland. Get daily tips & tricks to help make your best home, White Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia nicolai), Red Bird of Paradise (Caesalpinia pulcherrima), Mexican Bird of Paradise (Caesalpinia mexicana), Yellow Bird of Paradise (Caesalpinia gilliesii), 30 Types of Jade Plants (Crassula) to Grow Yourself, Juniper Tree Types: How to Find the Best One, 35 Best Drought-Tolerant Shrubs for Warmer Zones, 25 Types of Evergreen Tree to Add to Your Yard, Bird of Paradise: Plant Care & Growing Guide, 20 Plants With Flowers That Bloom in Winter, 15 Types of Aquatic Flowers to Grow in Water, 31 Best-Deer Resistant Flowers and Plants to Grow. They usually attack outdoor/garden birds of paradise in summer and spring. In addition to careful watering, it will benefit from regular misting to boost its humidity. For larger species, it is almost always just one egg, but smaller species may produce clutches of 23 eggs. The male members of the family have typically a longer body length and weight as compared to their female counterparts. Yulan Magnolias. Symptoms: Scales suck the sap out of the foliage, depriving your bird of paradise of vital nutrients and fluids. Leaf borers typically attack the flowers of your bird of paradise. The Bird of Paradise is sensitive to salt and mineral build-up, so water thats too hard or soft can cause browning leaf edges. The majority of species are found in eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and eastern Australia. Birds of paradise are so attractive that their appearance once made them the target of skin hunters, who decimated some species. Frugivores are more social than the insectivores, which are more solitary and territorial. Its flowers are different as well: the crown of sepals is white or faintly pink, with a blue tongue of petals, arising from a dark purplish black bract. All of these pests can also be treated with an insecticide or with a horticultural oil. She previously owned a landscaping business for 25 years and worked at a . During the first few years, keep the soil moist and feed the plantings every six to eight weeks March through November with a general shrub fertilizer or use a slow-release product as instructed.. If theres one natural insecticide that has remained popular among forward-thinking gardeners, its pyrethrin. 6 in Orange Flower Bird of Paradise Plant (Strelitzia reginea) in Grower Pot. bird-of-paradise, (family Paradisaeidae), any of approximately 45 species of small to medium-sized forest birds (order Passeriformes). Fill in the germination tray with desired potting mix. The first control method is using rubbing alcohol. In general, a bird of paradise is a relatively trouble-free plant when it comes to pests primarily when grown indoors. It's stunning planted in the landscape in zones 10 and warmer. Make sure to focus on affected areas, including the backs and tops of the leaves. Water and humidity are important to keep your Bird of Paradise healthy. The birds-of-paradise are members of the family Paradisaeidae of the order Passeriformes. In particular, it must be in environments with a temperature ranging between 59-86 F (15 and 30 C). How to Grow a Bird of Paradise Plant. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The blooms somewhat resemble azaleas, appearing in clusters. As a first measure, you must use a strong spray of water to blast off some of the spider mites from your bird of paradise. The damage caused by leaf miners on a bird of paradise may also manifest as spots. Others, such as the Cicinnurus and Parotia species, have highly ritualised mating dances. How to Grow Bird of Paradise? In rural areas, the tree would attract more nectar-feeding birds other than sunbirds. Fruit are eaten while perched and not from the air, and birds-of-paradise are able to use their feet as tools to manipulate and hold their food, allowing them to extract certain capsular fruit. Honeydew may facilitate the growth of sooty mold. overly wet soil can promote mold growth and invite pesky fungus gnats. When not in bloom, this plant has large, blade-like leaves that resemble those of a banana tree. These wet or humid conditions are perfect environments for the explosive reproduction of bugs like aphids. Scales are the most common bird of paradise bugs. In correspondence to its South African origin, this plant must be cultivated in humid, warm, and tropical climates. This type of control is safe for adult moths/butterflies, pets, and people. Your bird of paradise may be covered by ants farming the honeydew. Plant type: clumping perennial. As a native of South Africa and closely related to bananas, this tropical wonder is prone to freeze damage even in the warm zones where it is routinely planted. Bird-of-paradise are hardy, drought-tolerant plants that are easy to grow, especially in warm climates, and they are used extensively as ornamental landscape plants. The second clade includes the parotias and the King of Saxony bird-of-paradise. 5. Soft scale are larger, up to a quarter-inch in length, and are smooth, cottony, or waxy. Golden penda ( Xanthostemon chrysanthus) is a medium-sized tree that tends to flower gregariously. Very different species of plants can sometimes share the same common name, and nowhere is this more true than with the flowering plants known as bird of paradise. [27] It is a peculiarity that among the most frequently-hunted species, males start mating opportunistically even before they grow their ornamental plumage. [18] Males are polygamous in the sexually dimorphic species, but monogamous in at least some of the monomorphic species. 7. One type of bird of paradise plant is a low-growing jungle plant with unique exotic flowers, a relative of the banana plant, while the other type is a member of the pea family, a thorny shrub or tree that loves desert environments. Massive leaves form over time with the proper care, creating a tropical focal point, but the flowers are perhaps the most stunning feature of this well-known plant. Most Strelitzia species are hardy in USDA Zones 10-12, where temperatures do not dip below 50-54F or 10-12C. Theyll soon turn into adult butterflies and moths and wont bother your plant anymore. It's an evergreen variety and is a tropical plant. Respray after every 4-7 days until the bugs are gone. White Bird Plant in Natural Decor Basket. The leaves on a bird-of-paradise plant are arranged to form a fan-like clump of thick, waxy, and evergreen foliage. Molecular and morphological evidence places, "The systematic affinity of the enigmatic. Quick action will help stop the bugs from jumping onto other healthy plants. Leaf borers blemish the leaves and flowers on your bird of paradise. For example, the trumpet manucode and crinkle-collared manucode will eat mostly figs, whereas the Lawes's parotia focuses mostly on berries and the greater lophorina and raggiana bird-of-paradise take mostly capsular fruit. The seeds are expelled when the pods dry out; this plant self-seeds very easily and can escape and naturalize into surrounding areas. It can reach 2m tall, so the plant needs plenty of space. [3][a][b] For many years the birds-of-paradise were treated as being closely related to the bowerbirds. Nominate male Raggiana bird-of-paradise specimen. Carefully disentangle the roots with your fingers and pull the stems apart. Biological controls like natural predators and parasitic microorganisms can destroy the pests without harming beneficial insects or your plant. Bird of Paradise is considered toxic to humans and pets if ingested. Bird of paradise thrives in warm climates with light shade and regular watering. humming bird . You can also use gardeners shears to trim off heavily affected leaves or flowers and toss them in a covered trash bin. 10in White Bird Of Paradise. Coat your bird of paradise generously with the insecticide spray to eliminate the bugs. If the stems do not come apart easily, use a sharp, disinfected knife to cut them apart. Weather for Bird of Paradise Outdoors. This species was described from specimens brought back to Europe from trading expeditions in the early sixteenth century. Orange Bird of Paradise is originated from South Africa, a nature's work of art Flower Shaped like birds ready to fly with graceful neck of a crane with thick green- gray leaves. This video is all about 7 ways to grow big, beautiful Bird of Paradise!Tips:1. Our article covers the top 15 plants that look like birds. Female Standardwing bird-of-paradise specimen. The closest evolutionary relatives of the birds-of-paradise are the crow and jay family Corvidae, the monarch flycatchers Monarchidae and the Australian mudnesters Struthideidae. Two of the blue petals join together to form a nectary - an organ that secretes nectar. Add a pebble tray or a humidifier nearby if you notice crispy leaf edges. Bird of paradise is a spectacular plant thats closely related to the banana. These include mealybugs, scale insects, aphids, and spider mites. Apply the spinosad spray evenly to cover your bird of paradise. Tiny insects inject their eggs into the leaves and hatch into the leaf borers.
Michael Learned And Amanda Blake Sisters,
List Of Plantations In North Carolina,
Land For Sale In Anchovy Portland, Jamaica,
Va Claims For Hip Pain Secondary To Ddd,
Emily Buff Bear Obituary,
Articles B
