Important herbicide group . mode of action, consult the individual product label and support literature from the ALS-resistant, herbicide active ingredients is not enough to prevent the development of herbicide-resistant Because there isn't a standard method for detecting all herbicides, measurements can be difficult, expensive and time-consuming. The Global Herbicide Classification Tool is now available for download via Google Play or the App Store. OpenType - PS Group 2 herbicides inhibit the enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS), while Group 9 herbicide (glyphosate) inhibits the enzyme enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). application/pdf 0000077104 00000 n OpenType - PS 1979), More sensitive response to Roundup at elevated temperatures and at pH as it rises from 6.5 to 7.5, with no increased sensitivity at pH beyond 7.5 (Folmar et al. Calendar designed to guide producers and agriculture professionals to manage alfalfa insect and disease problems. DIN OT 12-14) for WSSA mode of action group numbers . Direct applications may result in direct toxicity to non-target plants and animals or indirect effects due to the death and decomposition of plants. Avoided Roundup at 10 mg/L but not 1.0 mg/L (Folmar et al. GROW is hiring! OpenType - PS 1. The Mode of Action classification for herbicides is being changed in Australia. 7.504 Anthropogenic activities and land uses, such as industry, urban development, forestry and agriculture can contribute herbicides to streams. 2387361005 Enter and space open menus and escape closes them as well. Helvetica-Condensed Type 2 or more characters into the input search below for suggested results, use up and down arrow keys to navigate through suggest box. The only herbicide included in this mode of action is glufosinate. 0000090035 00000 n 357120380 2835246409 List of approved active constituents in each Group and, for ease of identification, the trade name of the first registered product or successor. 0000112300 00000 n To be effective, herbicides must 1) adequately contact plants; 2) be absorbedby plants; 3) move within the plants to the site of action, without being deactivated; and 4) reach toxic levels at the site of action. Such urban and suburban uses are likely to contaminate storm waters. This chart lists premix herbicides alphabetically by their trade names, This chart groups herbicides by their modes of action to assist you in, Corn and Soybean Mode of Action Herbicide Chart, U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program, INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES, Jamesdanieljonesiiithesis.Doc-After Defense, US EPA, Pesticide Product Label, Panther Trio Herbicide,07/23/2015, United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,716,901 Fenderson Et Al, Weed Management with Diclosulam in Strip-Tillage Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea)1, Tolerance of Peanuts to Alachlor and Metolachlor, US EPA, Pesticide Product Label, Panther Duo Herbicide,06/18/2015, (HPPD) Inhibitor-Resistant Palmer Amaranth in Glyphosate-Resistant Maize in eld Experiments Conducted in 2015 and 2016 in Nebraska, Usaa, Supporting Figure S11. [10] The cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) are identified as Class 29 by the Weed Science Society of America / Herbicide Resistance Action Committee. These herbicides are applied to the soil to control target vegetation before emergence by inhibiting root growth. Despite the different salt formulations available, it is 0000123472 00000 n USGS (2010) Glyphosate herbicide found in many midwestern streams, antibiotics not common. For example, aquatic vegetation is especially susceptible to herbicides, so may decrease in abundance and richness. Premixes on this chart are some of the more common brand names. Illustrations and herbicide terminology definitions are helpful resources that complement the text. A brief paragraph describes each mode of action and types of vegetation that the herbicide is often used to control. The FRAC Mode of Action (MoA) classification provides growers, advisors, extension staff, consultants and crop protection professionals with a guide to the selection of fungicides for use in an effective and sustainable fungicide resistance management strategy. Herbicides with the same mode-of- action will have the same translocation (movement) pattern and produce similar injury symptoms. Discretion should be used when excluding herbicides as a candidate cause, and the specific conditions of the case should be considered. Use Esc key to go back to input search field. As a result, the relative abundances of invertebrate feeding groups may shift. are often used interchangeably to describe different groups of herbicides. 0 View all agriculture and environment programs, Continuing Education for Health Professions, Living a Healthy Life with Chronic Conditions, Agricultural Business and Policy Extension, Exceed - Regional Economic and Entrepreneurial Development, Mid-America Trade Adjustment Assistance Center, Missouri Small Business Development Centers, Missouri Procurement Technical Assistance Centers, Veterinary Extension and Continuing Education, Missouri Council for Activity and Nutrition, equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer. PDF/X-1:2001 Interspersed throughout the publication are helpful illustrations, definitions of herbicide terminology, and full color photos depicting various plant responses to herbicide applications (Figure 1). 0000125233 00000 n 0000019178 00000 n imidazolinones (or IMIs) or sulfonylureas (or SUs), but there are three other DINOT-Bold 0000122469 00000 n a Pilot Study in Spring, 2006, US EPA, Pesticide Product Label, Dicamba Dimethylamine Salt SL,06, 329 Part 180Tolerances and Ex- Emptions From, History of Health Risk Limits Rules, by Chemical, 1993 to Present (Note: This Table Contains Only Hrls Adopted Into Rule, Strategy for Nutsedge Control in Turf Kai Umeda, Strategies for Nutsedge Control in Turf Cactus Clippings June 2013 Kai Umeda, MP44 Recommended Chemicals for Weed and Brush Control, 388 Subpart GJudicial Review PART 180TOLERANCES and EX, AG-408 2021 Pest Control for Professional Turfgrass Managers, Confirmation and Control of HPPD-Inhibiting HerbicideResistant Waterhemp (Amaranthus Tuberculatus) in Nebraska, Comparison of Glyphosate Programs in Field Corn at Rochester, MN in 2004, PROGRESS in PESTICIDE RISK ASSESSMENT and PHASING-OUT of HIGHLY HAZARDOUS PESTICIDES in ASIA Viii RAP PUBLICATION 2015/01, Trade Name Cross Reference for Herbicides, Evaluation of Alternative Herbicide Systems for the Sweetpotato Crop. Although herbicides in general have lower toxicity to animals than other pesticides, fish or invertebrate kills may be a sign of herbicide use. 2017-01-18T11:33-06:00 Because of their 0000025743 00000 n but rather it indicates the way a particular glyphosate product is formulated. Adobe InDesign CC 2015 (Macintosh) Herbicides in this mode of action are soil-applied herbicides and control weeds that label to determine the mode of action and best management practices for herbicide-resistant weeds and small-seeded broadleaf weeds. plants. Australia's approach to herbicide mode of action (MOA) classification is being updated to align with the new international system. interrupts, affecting normal plant growth and development. Inhibition of acetyl co-enzyme A carboxylase (ACCase inhibitors), Inhibition of acetolactate synthase (ALS inhibitors), acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), * This product contains more than one active constituent, Disruptors of plant cell growth (Auxin mimics), Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II D1 Serine 264 binders (and other non-histidine binders) (PS II Serine 264 inhibitors), Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem II D1 Histadine 215 binders, Inhibition of 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3 phosphate synthase (EPSP inhibition), Inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis at the phytoene desaturase step (PDS inhibitors), Inhibition of deoxy-D-xyulose phosphate synthase (DOXP inhibitors), Inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO inhibitors), Inhibition of very long chain fatty acid synthesis (VLCFA inhibitors), Inhibition of photosynthesis at photosystem I via electron diversion (PSI electron diversion), Inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD inhibitors), Inhibition of serine-threonine protein phosphatase (STPP inhibitors), Inhibition of solanesyl diphosphate synthase, * This product contains more than one active constituent, URL: https://croplife.org.au/resources/programs/resistance-management/herbicide-moa-table-4-draft-2/ Use our feedback form for questions or comments about this publication. al. For a high resolution PDF of the Poster Click Here. Herbicide is generally not systemic, but in some susceptible species young plants (e.g. They are a guide only and do not endorse particular products, groups of products or cultural methods in terms of their performance. Rather than causing direct toxicity to organisms, herbicides may contribute to other stressors (e.g., instream habitat alteration via riparian devegetation). The table of benchmarks provides links to supporting ecological risk assessments. Environmental Health Perspectives 114(Supplement 1):134-141. Herbicides. By knowing herbicide groups by their site of action (SOA) and herbicide effectiveness**, diversified herbicide programs can be developed. 0 Overview. have not emerged from the soil surface. proof:pdf Figure 3. xmp.did:893215F0092068118083BE644F7C0155 The bioavailability, uptake, and toxicity of herbicides and their metabolites during these exposures depends on factors such as temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentrations. 2577315893 A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors. However, a review by the U.S. EPA found that evidence for such effects in amphibians was weak and inconsistent (U.S. EPA 2007). and are distinctive because of the yellow color of their formulations. 2000). 55620-1_TA_HRM_ClassificationPoster_FNL.indd This section presents an annotated bibliography of references providing information on stressor-response relationships for herbicides, as well as general background on herbicide properties. DINOT-CondBlack effective ways to rotate herbicide modes of action is through crop rotation. a single herbicide active ingredient or mode of action places heavy selection pressure It further subdivides the information into chemical type and then common and trade names. University of Missouri Extension is an equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer. This trait may help distinguish the biological effects of herbicides from those of insecticides and most other toxic chemicals. Applied to crops such as corn, soybeans and sorghum, particularly for conservation tillage. Weed Science is the study of vegetation management in agriculture, aquatics, horticulture, right-of-way, essentially anywhere plants need to be managed. Similarly, if you have glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in your field, tank-mixing dicamba (active ingredient in Xtendimax or Engenia herbicide, WSSA group 4) and glyphosate (Roundup, WSSA group 9) only provides one effective mode of action. These weeds can impede irrigation withdrawals or interfere with recreational and industrial uses of water (Folmar et al. Insecticides that act on these targets are generally fast acting. All previous versions of this strategy are now invalid. plant tissue that it comes in contact with. Download a digital copy of the full chartthat details the sites of action of most popular herbicides and premixes. 0000175586 00000 n Refer to the APVMA website (www.apvma.gov.au) to obtain a complete list of registered products from the PUBCRIS database. Acute and chronic benchmarks are provided for fish, invertebrates and aquatic plants. Often, the herbicide is described as being a member Aromatic Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors, Table 11. or more modes of action. DINOT-Cond Knowing how herbicides work and how to use them safely is important for both agricultural producers and home gardeners. Diamond GL, Durkin PR (1997) Effects of Surfactants on the Toxicity of Glyphosate, with Specific Reference to RODEO. SERA TR 97-206-1b. Applied to the foliage and transported with sugars to metabolic sites where they inhibit amino acid production. Herbicide site of action refers to the specific biochemical or biophysical process in the plant that the herbicide disrupts to interfere with plant growth and development processes. The overuse of herbicides, just like other pesticides such as insecticides, has led to increased development of resistance . Currently, Australia uses an alphabetical code to distinguish between herbicides. 3471242601 of action and include at least one herbicide used in nearly every crop produced in Evidence of the presence of herbicides at toxic levels includes dead, deformed, chlorotic or necrotic plants, or the absence of plants from a waterbody or the riparian zone (see Figure 4). 7.504 The amino acid synthesis inhibition mode of action includes herbicides from the following chemical families: sulfonylureas . There are many generic glyphosate and glyphosate-containing products available. By Herbicides can act by inhibiting cell division, photosynthesis or amino acid production or by mimicking natural plant growth hormones, causing deformities (Ross and Childs 1996). This conceptual diagram (Figure 7)illustrates linkages between human activities and sources (top of diagram), herbicide-related stressors (middle of diagram), and the biological responses that can result (bottom of diagram). -- Each aquatic life benchmark is based on the most sensitive, scientifically acceptable toxicity endpoint available to U.S. EPA for a given taxon. Also applied for control of broad-leafed trees when planting conifers. to multiple chemical families within a single mode of action, is common with ALS inhibitors. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. 0 <]/Prev 650014>> weeds. Exposures may be episodic (e.g., occurring during runoff events) or continuous (e.g., exposure to herbicide contaminated bed sediments). This chart lists premix herbicides alphabetically by their trade names so you can identify the premix's component herbicides and their respective site of action groups. OpenType - PS 2017-01-18T11:32:42-06:00 0000124369 00000 n This publication provides a breakdown of seventy-eight common herbicides organized by translocation mechanism and then mode of action. Australia Herbicide Classification Lookup Search by Active Ingredient Mode of Action Mode of Action Groups Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase [Group: 1] Clodinafop-propargyl A Legacy AUS 1 NEW AUS HRAC (Chemical Family: Aryloxyphenoxy-propionates (FOPs)) Cyhalofop-butyl A Legacy AUS 1 NEW AUS HRAC Email. Herbicides are sometimes applied directly to surface water for aquatic weed control (e.g., for water-based recreation). to prevent herbicide-resistance weed populations from developing. 0 Effective Site of Action describes the situation when using a SOA and it is effective at controlling the weed. For example, acrolein has been applied to irrigation ditches at levels sufficient to be acutely lethal to fish and invertebrates (see acrolein in U.S. EPA 2009), and if not properly applied to fields it can cause kills in receiving waters. 19 July 2021. 78058445 2000, USGS 2010). Specific guidelines for Group 04 herbicides; Specific guidelines for Group 31 Herbicides; Specific guidelines for Group 03 herbicides; Sorghum, Maize, Summer Grain Legumes - Heliothis/Cotton bollworm/Native budworm (Helicoverpa spp.) 0000024971 00000 n Novel herbicide tetflupyrolimet from FMC Corporation granted a new mode of action classification Apr 8, 2021 Download PHILADELPHIA, April 8, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- FMC Corporation (NYSE: FMC), a leading agricultural sciences company, obtained a new mode of action classification for its proprietary herbicide molecule, tetflupyrolimet. weed control and crop desiccation prior to harvest. is necessary to prevent or delay herbicide-resistant weeds. Open all. The only herbicide included in this mode of action is glyphosate. preplant incorporated or preemergence in a wide range of agronomic crops, vegetables, 0000000016 00000 n / WSSA group numbers can be found on many herbicide product labels and can be used as a tool to choose herbicides in different mode of action groups so mixtures or rotations of active ingredients can be planned to better manage weeds and reduce the potential for resistant species. Katherine Delbridge, CropLife Australia director - corporate affairs, explained the shift in national herbicide classification at the 2021 GRDC Grains Research Update in Adelaide. The mode of action is the biological process that is affected by the herbicide, e.g. -- @QAAFI scientists have mapped the Hass avocados genome to understand why it is exceptional in tas https://t.co/C0lsj67gwG, Level 1 Maddocks House40 Macquarie Street,Barton ACT 2600, Herbicide Resistance Management Strategies, clodinafop (Topik), cyhalofop (Agixa*, Barnstorm), diclofop (Cheetah Gold* Decision*, Hoegrass), fenoxaprop (Cheetah, Gold*, Wildcat), fluazifop (Fusilade), haloxyfop (Verdict), propaquizafop (Shogun), quizalofop (Targa), butroxydim (Factor*), clethodim (Select), profoxydim (Aura), sethoxydim (Cheetah Gold*, Decision*), tralkoxydim (Achieve), imazamox (Intervix*, Raptor), imazapic (Bobcat I-Maxx*, Flame, Midas*, OnDuty*), imazapyr (Arsenal Xpress*, Intervix*, Lightning*, Midas* OnDuty*), imazethapyr (Lightning*, Spinnaker), bispyribac (Nominee), pyrithiobac (Staple), azimsulfuron (Gulliver), bensulfuron (Londax), chlorsulfuron (Glean), ethoxysulfuron (Hero), foramsulfuron (Tribute), halosulfuron (Sempra), iodosulfuron (Hussar), mesosulfuron (Atlantis), metsulfuron (Ally, Harmony* M, Stinger*, Trounce*, Ultimate Brushweed* Herbicide), prosulfuron (Casper*), rimsulfuron (Titus), sulfometuron (Oust, Eucmix Pre Plant*, Trimac Plus*), sulfosulfuron (Monza), thifensulfuron (Harmony* M), triasulfuron (Logran, Logran B-Power*), tribenuron (Express), trifloxysulfuron (Envoke, Krismat*), florasulam (Crest*, Gangster*, Paradigm*, Vortex*, XPand*), flumetsulam (Broadstrike, Thistrol Gold*), metosulam (Eclipse), oryzalin (Rout*, Surflan), pendimethalin (Freehand*, Stomp), prodiamine (Barricade), trifluralin (Bolta Duo*, Jetti Duo*, Treflan), dicamba (Banvel, Banvel M*, Barrel*, Casper*, Lawnweeder plus*, Lawn weedkiller*, Mecoban, Methar Tri-Kombi*, Nuturf Millennium*, Sandoban*), 2,4-D (Actril DS*, Amicide, Fallow Boss Tordon*, Methar Tri-Kombi*, Pyresta*, Vortex*), 2,4-DB (Trifolamine), dichlorprop (Lantana 600), MCPA (Agtryne MA*, Banvel M*, Barrel*, Basagran M60*, BuctrilMA*, Buffalo Pro Weedkiller*, Condor*, Flight*, Lawnweeder plus*, Lawn Weedkiller*, Midas*, Paragon*, Precept*, Quadrant*, Silverado*, Spearhead*, Thistrol Gold*, Tigrex*, Tordon242*, Triathlon*), MCPB (Legumine, Thistrol Gold*), mecoprop (Mecoban, Mecopropamine, MetharTriKombi*, Multiweed*). 0 1979), Continuous exposure across generations produced reproductive effects on the third generation including rapid embryonic development, embryonic abnormalities and increased egg laying (Tate et al. herbicide use and 2) to rotate among herbicides with different sites of action to delay the development of herbicide resistance. -- In suburban and urban areas, herbicides are applied to lawns, parks, golf courses and other areas. Herbicide Mode of Action Chart - North Carolina Soybeans Download a digital copy of the full chart that details the sites of action of most popular herbicides and premixes. Applied to control weeds in small grains, soybeans and corn and in conifer and hardwood plantations. 0000108351 00000 n 0000101464 00000 n Belden J, Lydy MJ (2000) Impact of atrazine on organophosphate insecticide toxicity. PPO inhibitors may also be referred to as cell membrane disruptors and are usually |. manufacturer or contact your county agricultural Extension educator for more information. In streams, herbicides can be dissolved in the water column or bound to sediments, and the effects they have will depend upon the medium in which they occur. and/or potassium salts. One of the Best Management Practices (BMP) to avoid herbicide resistance is using herbicides withdifferent sites of actionas a tank-mixture or as sequential treatments. Irrigation ditches and row crop farming near streams provide opportunities for herbicides to enter streams . The molecular site of action is challenging to predict because structural associations have not been identified (Duke 1990), but modes of action are well-established. Repeated use of herbicides with the same site of action can result in herbicide-resistant weed populations. Click on the diagram to view a larger version. Sign up to receive timely updates and useful information from the North Carolina Soybean Producers Association, including information on results of the investments the association makes in production research to help improve yields in North Carolina conditions; international marketing activities; projects to support our biggest customer, Animal Agriculture; and much more! 1899308463 DINOT-CondBoldIta Nerve & Muscle Most current insecticides act on nerve and muscle targets. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. These herbicides are also referred Hall LW Jr, Anderson RD, Ailstock MS (1997) Chronic toxicity of atrazine to sago pondweed at a range of salinities: implications for criteria development and ecological risk. The term herbicide mode of action is sometimes used interchangeably with herbicide site of action or herbicide mechanism of action. Within a mode of action, herbicides may also be grouped by their chemical structures. OpenType - PS Secure .gov websites use HTTPS JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. within a single mode of action. Depending on the product, glyphosate can be formulated as ammonium, diammonium, dimethylammonium, isopropylamine, and/or potassium salts. particularly atrazine and metribuzin. Herbicides are used in forest management to prepare logged areas for replanting. Merriweather 1995, Van den Brink et al. Refer to Table 2 (pp. Herbicide MoA alignment. If you have questions regarding Important herbicide sites of action and their corresponding herbicide group numbers are listed below (Table 1). What are the Different Modes of Action? uses for preplant and in-season weed control in broadleaf crops. Wheat Herbicide Rotation Restrictions to Soybean in Oklahoma, Weed Control in Pecans, Apples and Peaches, Oklahoma Alfalfa Management Calendar for Insects and Diseases, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The mode of action is the way in which the herbicide controls susceptible plants. 0 Environmental Pollution 157:237-249. Sample page from the publication, "Herbicide Mode of Action", that discusses herbicide categories. It is important to check with the Australian regulators (APVMA) product database for contemporary information on products and active constituents. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. It was developed by the Take Action Against Herbicide-Resistant Weeds industry program.. Six weeds, including common ragweed, marestail, giant ragweed, kochia, common waterhemp, and Palmer amaranth, have evolved resistance to glyphosate in Nebraska. used, and each is unique in the way it controls susceptible plants. Environmental Health Perspectives 87:263-271. Content last updated: June 30, 2022. mithila@ksu.edu, Jeanne Falk Jones, Multi-County Specialist, Colby Herbicides can act by inhibiting cell division, photosynthesis or amino acid production or by mimicking natural plant growth hormones, causing deformities (Ross and Childs 1996). Herbicide Classification Chart Take Action Editor's note The following abstract describes a publication that is intended as a downloadable PDF. At this time, there are no weeds in Oklahoma that have been There are 13 Mode of Action classes. Most waterhemp populations in Oklahoma, for example, Source: C715 - Herbicide Mode of Action, K-State Research and Extension. converted 1.001 One effective method of weed control includes the use of herbicides. synthesis inhibitors (mesotrione, isoxaflutole) are also referred to as HPPD-inhibitors, Like the 0000122926 00000 n Over-reliance on This is often at an enzyme within a plant cell. However, Groups 2 and 9 have different SOA. Other modes of action widely used are chemicals with Multi-Site Activity (M) and Biologicals with Multiple Modes of Action (BM). The 2017 Herbicide Classification chart detailing herbicide site- and modes-of-action was recently released. 0000003230 00000 n There are currently 515 unique cases (species x site of action) of herbicide resistant weeds globally, with 267 species (154 dicots and 113 monocots). used in a variety of crops for control of grass and broadleaf weeds. Rotating herbicide modes of action, along with other weed control methods, Left and right arrows move across top level links and expand / close menus in sub levels. 0000024219 00000 n Adobe PDF Library 15.0 However, herbicide-resistant and other non-target plants may increase in abundance with herbicide exposure, due to reduced competitive pressure from affected plants. Herbicide mode of action and injury symptoms. The USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program provides guidance, lab methods, field methods and literature related to detecting herbicides in ground and surface water. xmp.did:893215F0092068118083BE644F7C0155 Stability of Pesticide Degradates in Reagent WaterLC-MS/MS Positive ESI Analytes, Pesticide Occurrence and Distribution in the Lower Clackamas River Basin, Oregon, 20002005, Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Multiple Herbicide Resistance in Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus Palmeri), An Economic and Pest Management Evaluation of the Herbicide Dacthal in California Agriculture, Water Quality Monitoring Data for Pesticides on Long Island, Ny, Characterization of Hppd-Inhibitor Resistance in Waterhemp (Amaranthus Tuberculatus), Trade Name, Common Name, Formulation, Mode of Action, And, Evaluation of P-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase-Inhibiting Herbicides for Controlling Mugwort, List of Banned Pesticides and Pesticides Watchlist, Michigan Agricultural Statistics 2003-2004, Alternatives for Control of Atrazine Tolerant Weeds in Sweet Corn Production, Tank Mixing Pendimethalin with Pyroxasulfone and Chloroacetamide Herbicides Enhances In-Season Residual Weed Control in Corn, Common Commercial Pre-Packaged Herbicide Mixtures Photo Courtesy of Larry Steckel, Herbicide Performance with Soil Applied Dimethenamid-P, S-Metolachlor, and Flufenacet in Soybeans at Lamberton, MN in 2003, US EPA, Pesticide Product Label, Paraquat 43.2% SL,12/30/2019, Herbicide Options in Corn Interseeded with Cover Crops Aaron Brooker Christy Sprague, Karen Renner Michigan State University, Application of Pyroxasulfone with Paraquat, Bentazon, And, Weed Management Guide LOUISIANA SUGGESTED WEED MANAGEMENT GUIDE 2012, Evaluation of Preemergent Herbicides for Chloris Virgata Control in Mungbean, U.S. EPA, Pesticide Product Label, BAS 661 00 H, 05/18/2009, Recommended Protection Measures for Pesticide Applications in Region 2 of the U.S.
