Before Environ Res (2022) 215:114131. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114131, 3. Medpage Today is among the federally registered trademarks of MedPage Today, LLC and may not be used by third parties without explicit permission. Library job allowed him to plan the escape. Brand of vaccine administered (Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech) and the change in average blood glucose, peak blood glucose, and percentage of time spent in normal range as well as above average range of blood glucose level following vaccine administration will be assessed. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Interestingly, the concentration of neutralizing antibodies decreased by an average of 0.004 IU (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0020.005, p < 0.001) per day after vaccination (Table2). Ai J, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Lin K, Fu Z, et al. (D) Kinetics of B-lymphocyte count according to age. Huang W, Shao X, Wagner AL, Chen Y, Guan B, Boulton ML, et al. That link was established pretty early on in the pandemic and scientists didn't let it go. 20052022 MedPage Today, LLC, a Ziff Davis company. The median age at vaccination was 35 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 2850) for those administered a vaccine of the same manufacturer (control) and 33 years (IQR: 2150) for those administered vaccines from different manufacturers (intervention) (Table1). Not everyone gets side effects. "Blood group O is significantly associated with reduced susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. 30. It's becoming more common in people under 55. doi:10.1038/s41422-021-00590-x, 23. Some people with COVID-19 develop abnormal blood clots, including in the smallest blood vessels. COVID-19 vaccine coverage, concerns, and preferences among Chinese ICU clinicians: A nationwide online survey. In both groups, most of the adverse events were mild (n = 25, 81.1%) or moderate (n = 6, 18.9%) and self-limited. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.12.015, 4. Figure3 Quantitation of cell immune responses on days 1240 following administration of the Chinese inactivated vaccine. Unexplained deaths. The clots may also form in multiple places in the body, including in the lungs. A previous study in the journal Blood Advances from 2020 also affirmed this research, adding that people with Type O blood seem to be more protected from Covid. doi:10.2196/26089, 24. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal P=0.11), hospitalization (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0. . 2021;8(2021):3619131. doi:10.1155/2021/3619131 Neutralizing antibody levels usually increase after the second administration of mixed vaccines (22, 23). Shaw AT, Bauer TM, de Marinis F, Felip E, Goto Y, Liu G, et al. Therefore, the mixing of vaccine brands between doses was considered a feasible strategy to complete the entire course of basic immunization with two doses of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Comment on "SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations may not only be complicated by GBS but also by distal small fiber neuropathy by J. Finsterer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The following outcomes were selected and defined by the authors based on information from regulatory authorities, previous studies, large-scale adverse events initiatives: febrile seizure, aseptic. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.083, 6. The discovery of Type Os protective effect is crucial to building an understanding of how the virus works. This weird trivia you didn't know about the world will blow you away. After the administration of the inactivated vaccine, the GMC of neutralizing antibodies decreased from 50.2 IU/mL on day 30 to 17.7 IU/mL (average decrease: 32.3%) and 13.3 IU/mL (average decrease: 25.9%) on days 180 and 240, respectively, representing an average monthly decrease of 10.1% (Figure2B). Hum Vaccin Immunother (2022) 18:2078634. doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2078634, 9. A few side effects are serious, but rare. The mixed model distribution curves of log2-transformed neutralizing antibodies and log10-transformed cellular response with duration adjusted by age, sex, BMI, occupation, vaccination mode, duration since the second dose, interval between doses of vaccination, and ABO blood type were plotted using Prism 8.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., USA). PMC Epub 2021 May 25. if( navigator.sendBeacon ) { Vaccine (2022) 40:218490. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. (BE) Kinetics of neutralizing antibodies according to (B) vaccination type, (C) age, (D) occupation, and (E) sex. The most frequent neurological side effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are headache, Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), venous sinus thrombosis (VST), and transverse myelitis. Lancet (2021) 398:12130. People with Type O blood might be slightly more protected from the virus, and people with Type A slightly more vulnerable. John Quinn is a London-based writer and editor who specializes in lifestyle topics. O and Rh-negative blood types may already have COVID-19 antibodies. It's more the everyday things: According to Harvard Medical School physician Abraar Karan, the primary side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine are those pesky, flu-like, symptoms you're used. The worst outcome of these side effects is associated with VST, why it should not be missed and treated appropriately in due time. Introduction: In China, the long-term immunogenicity and adverse effects of inactivated vaccines produced by different or the same manufacturer remain unclear. This finding suggests that cellular immune responses lasted longer than humoral responses in the vaccinated population. and transmitted securely. Among those who had COVID-19, hospitalization and ICU admission was associated with male sex and age. Therefore, we designed a multicenter, longitudinal, observational study to evaluate the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a second dose of inactivated vaccine among those who received the two vaccines from different manufacturers. Wheatley AK, Juno JA, Wang JJ, Selva KJ, Reynaldi A, Tan HX, et al. Now, a "Covid arm" is different from a skin reaction that . Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control And Prevention, China. Progress and challenge of COVID-19 vaccine development. The early response observed 30 days after the second dose showed a boost effect linked to the same manufacturers scheme. Wong LP, Alias H, Siaw YL, Muslimin M, Lai LL, Lin Y, et al. Opens in a new tab or window, Visit us on TikTok. In conclusion, this study is the first to evaluate robust humoral and cellular immune responses at 240 days in 595 participants after a second dose of inactivated vaccine in individuals primed with the first dose. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. 1 The symptoms commonly reported were similar to those already associated with COVID-19 vaccines like fatigue, headache, and muscle pain. In addition, other variables, including sex, occupation, vaccination type, and blood type, based on their natural classification, were divided into different categories. No. Bestlifeonline.com is part of the Meredith Health Group. Future Sci OA (2021) 7:FSO735. The most basic idea is that blood type might influence a persons ability to fight the virus, says David Aronoff, M.D., director of the division of infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Thiruvengadam R, Awasthi A, Medigeshi G, Bhattacharya S, Mani S, Sivasubbu S, et al. Additional research has buttressed the possibility of a link. 2022 Aug 15;369:577901. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577901. Gao GF. "Reassuring the public that everything is being done . why people on blood thinners shouldn't get the vaccine. Third, because of limited resources, we could not perform pseudo-virus neutralization tests of neutralizing antibodies against COVID-19 (27). "There's a fairly decent amount of existing literature beyond SARS-CoV-2" that certain blood types can play a role in disease risk and severity, says Joel Ray, M.D., a clinician scientist and professor at St. Michael's . The most common side effect of the vaccine is temporary soreness and swelling at the injection site. -, Finsterer J, Scorza FA, Scorca CA. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Neurological side effects occur with any of the approved vaccines but VST particularly occurs after vaccination with vector-based vaccines. Therefore, we were able to collect data of a few individuals who had received mixed vaccinations at the time. Follow-up visits were scheduled on days 130 to measure vital signs, review any solicited and unsolicited adverse events, and update medical and medication records. Nat Commun (2021) 12:1162. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21444-5, 22. This unusual clotting may cause different complications, including organ damage, heart attack and stroke. There have been multiple studies on blood types and COVID-19 risk. It shows the vaccine is teaching your body's immune system how to protect itself from the disease. Blood type may influence other infections, as well. The most frequent neurological side effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are headache, Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), venous sinus thrombosis (VST), and transverse myelitis. For a March study out of the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China, scientists tracked the blood types of nearly 2,200 COVID-19 patients in Chinese hospitals, along with those of about 27,000 individuals who didn't have COVID-19 in the same areas. Lower antibody concentrations were correlated with older age, longer duration after vaccination, non-health care workers, mixed-manufacturer vaccinations, and intervals of less than 40 days between two doses of vaccination, whereas lower IFN- levels and B-lymphocyte counts were associated with older age, blood type A, and non-health care workers. Lancet Infect Dis (2022) 22:47382. Most participants rapidly developed neutralizing antibodies after two doses of the Chinese COVID-19 inactivated vaccine administered 3 weeks apart. Saur D, ORyan M, Torres JP, Zuniga M, Santelices E, Basso LJ. Furthermore, based on the study of Lusting etal. Just because youre Type O doesnt mean youre in the clear. Neurological autoimmune diseases following vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2: a case series. This work was supported by the Henan Provincial Key Programs in Science and Technology [grant numbers 202102310355 and 182102311241] to YY and WY, and the Joint Program of Medical Science and Technology Research of Henan Province [grant numbers SB 201903018, LHGJ 20190611, and LHGJ 20200016] to YY and BW. } This type of side effect most commonly occurs within the first hour of when the vaccine is given and usually immediately after. Source Reference: Anderson JL, et al "Association of Sociodemographic Factors and Blood Group Type With Risk of COVID-19 in a US Population" JAMA Netw Open 2021; DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7429. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e3286. Vaccine (2021) 39:114856. Common side effects included: tenderness at the injection site for 73% of participants pain upon and after vaccination for 60% of participants fatigue for 50% of the participants muscle pain. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. Blood type, the researchers found, stood out as a potential key difference between the two groups. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Desmecht S, Tashkeev A, El MM, Marechal N, Pere H, Tokunaga Y, et al. In fact, one might say that people on . doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00094-0, 7. When the researchers looked at this second classification, there was further good newspeople in any blood group which is Rh-negative are also "somewhat protected" from the virus. Heterologous versus homologous COVID-19 booster vaccination in previous recipients of two doses of CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccine in Brazil (RHH-001): A phase 4, non-inferiority, single blind, randomised study. Zietz M, Zucker J, Tatonetti NP. COVID-19 vaccines can cause mild side effects after the first or second dose, including: Pain, redness or swelling where the shot was given Fever Fatigue Headache Muscle pain Chills Joint pain Nausea and vomiting Swollen lymph nodes Feeling unwell Most side effects go away in a few days. Epub 2021 Oct 31. In contrast, people with blood type O appear to have about a 50 percent reduced risk of severe COVID-19. That is the most troubling unknown for me." Weighing the odds They looked at both how likely a patient was to contract COVID-19, and how likely they were to become seriously ill (or even die) from it if they did. Researchers think the clotting may be triggered by the high . 2022 Nov 9;8(6):506-508. eCollection 2022 Dec 29. Side effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination. Negative blood types are also somewhat protected from the virus. The duration of the immune response was determined for each participant as the time interval between the date of blood collection and that of the second dose of the vaccine. Online ahead of print. The positive rate of neutralizing antibodies peaked at 97.7% at 6090 days, decreased, and stabilized at 82.9% at 181240 days post-vaccination. We only observed a trend of decreasing neutralizing antibodies after vaccination over time. Therefore, we could not determine the level of neutralizing antibodies against viruses that cause breakthrough infection or severe infection. COVID-19 vaccine guidelines was numerous in quantity but many lack transparent reporting of methodological practices. YY and JX designed the study, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. Both primary and safety analyses included all participants who received two doses of the inactivated vaccine and had suffered local and systemic adverse events for 30 consecutive days after vaccination. Cytokine levels and lymphocyte subset counts were measured using flow cytometry (Beamcyte-1026; Changzhou Beamdiag Co., Ltd., Changzhou, China). You experience shortness of breath or swelling of the lips or face. In conclusion, safety concerns against SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are backed by an increasing number of studies reporting neurological side effects. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20200928-01013, 5. Anderson disclosed no relevant relationships with industry. Ackah BBB, Woo M, Stallwood L, Fazal ZA, Okpani A, Ukah UV, et al. Participants with documented reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19 or those who had been vaccinated with any other vaccine (e.g., influenza or others) or booster vaccine since the primary dose were excluded. Tianjin CanSino produces the adenovirus vaccine type for a vaccination program of one dose and Anhui Zhifei produces the recombinant protein vaccine type for a vaccination program of three doses at intervals of 1 month (12). This type of swelling is a normal reaction to the vaccine and will typically occur on the same side as the arm where the shot was given, said Dr. Geeta Swamy, a maternal-fetal medicine specialist . 2021;30(12):721146. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.721146 If You Have One of These Blood Types, You May Be Safe From COVID, It Only Takes This Long to Get COVID in a Room With Someone Who Has It, These 2 Places Could Be Closing Soon, White House Official Warns, How Likely You Are to Catch COVID in the Next Month, Expert Says, If You Have This Symptom, There's an 80 Percent Chance You Have COVID, tracked the blood types of nearly 2,200 COVID-19 patients, A blood types were significantly more likely. Figure1 Study profile. Research in other countries has shown that the antibody titer of individuals vaccinated with a different type of vaccine 28 days after the first vaccination was higher than that of individuals vaccinated with a vaccine from the same manufacturer for both doses, without an increase in adverse reactions (14). And clotting issuesincluding strokes, kidney failure, and pulmonary embolismscome up a lot with Covid infections. -. Socio-economic status is a big vulnerability, and age and health are next in line for susceptibility. J Neuroimmunol. Reactogenicity analysis results are presented as percentage of participants. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. All rights reserved. 2022 Dec 22;78:100157. doi: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100157. Are the Vaccines Safe? They also found non-white race, defined as African American, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander was associated with viral positivity (13.9% vs 6.9%, respectively) and hospitalization (23.9% vs 11.3%) versus white race. Borobia AM, Carcas AJ, Prez-Olmeda M, Castao L, Bertran MJ, Garca-Prez J, et al. The population required to be vaccinated included children aged 311 years, adolescents aged 1217 years, and adults. The levels of IFN- and CD4+ T-lymphocytes were not altered in the participants for 240 days after vaccination, whereas the levels of neutralizing antibodies, B-lymphocytes, and IL-6 decreased with increasing time after vaccination. Some women who received a Covid-19 vaccines have reported irregularities in their period following the shot, including heavier bleeding. Lancet Respir Med (2021) 9:9991009. In China, the latter three have been approved and are produced by eight manufacturers. Based on their data, the Novavax vaccine has a significantly lower rate of side effects compared to the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. You'll always want to stay at your vaccination site for at least 15 minutes after you get the shot (30 minutes if you've had a severe allergic reaction before). -, Wang MW, Wen W, Wang N, et al. The severity of the COVID-19 disease Recent data suggests that people with blood type A have a significantly higher risk of acquiring COVID-19 than non-A blood types. "Up to 10 percent of people who have COVID experience side effects such as . eCollection 2021. Recombinant protein subunit vaccine booster following two-dose inactivated vaccines dramatically enhanced anti-RBD responses and neutralizing titers against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. To date, most of the Chinese population has been vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine. People with blood type O may be less vulnerable to Covid-19 and have a reduced likelihood of getting severely ill, according to two studies published Wednesday. navigator.sendBeacon('https://www.google-analytics.com/collect', payload); These quick trivia tidbits will help you kill your boredom and impress your friends. Serious side effects. This may be due to the increased exposure of medical staff to patients with COVID-19 compared to people in other occupations. Moderna says 9.7% of their participants felt fatigued and 4.5% got . Side effects may even feel like flu and might affect your ability to do daily activities,. Applies to sars-cov-2 (covid-19) mrna-1273 vaccine: intramuscular suspension. All Rights Reserved. We dont know about asymptomatic carriersthat is, Type O could still pass along the virus to other people unknowingly just as much as Type A could. Blood type is actually a pretty weak player, Dr. Udden says. And for more on the latest COVID-19 news, find out How Likely You Are to Catch COVID in the Next Month, Expert Says. ABO blood typing was performed using a test-tube method according to the manufacturers protocol (Chengdu Xiehe Ltd., Co., Chengdu, China). Vaccination is the most effective measure to reduce mortality from COVID-19 and serious diseases (12); however, vaccines are scarce in certain countries and some regions in China (13). In fact, the findings suggest that people with blood type A face a 50 percent greater risk of needing oxygen support or a ventilator should they become infected with the novel coronavirus. Typical side effects include pain at the injection site, fever, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills and diarrhoea. Second, the reported adverse events could also have been underestimated due to the small number of participants and short observation period. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01420-3, 15. Safety definitions and a list of solicited adverse events were defined as previously described (16, 17). People may start . Opens in a new tab or window, Share on Twitter. -, Wiedmann M, Skattr T, StrayPedersen A, et al. The levels of cellular immune molecules, such as IFN- and CD4+ T-lymphocytes, reflect the levels of effector molecules involved in the humoral immune response, such as memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies (26). (A) Positive rates of neutralizing antibodies. Glob Health Res Policy (2022) 7:21. doi:10.1186/s41256-022-00255-1, 12. Tenforde MW, Self WH, Adams K, Gaglani M, Ginde AA, McNeal T, et al. This can result in pain, redness, or swelling at . And guess what: People with Type A blood have higher levels of VWF naturally than people with type O blood, Dr. Udden points out. Neutralizing antibodies, interferon-gamma (IFN-), interleukin (IL)-6, CD4+ T-lymphocyte, and B-lymphocyte counts were evaluated in serum samples after stimulation with 2 g/mL SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for 16h at follow-up intervals of 2 months. There's no known connection between blood types and side effects from COVID-19 vaccines. Lancet (2022) 399:221225. BM and JZ collected data and YL reviewed the manuscript. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Henan Provincial Peoples Hospital. Lancet (2022) 399:5219. Molly Walker, Associate Editor, MedPage Today doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00220-4, 19. And for more regular updates on the virus, sign up for our daily newsletter. However, in China, data on long-term immunogenicity and adverse effects of inactivated vaccines produced by different manufacturers or the same manufacturer have not been reported. The development of a vaccine that can overcome disadvantages including the stability of the materials used, limited immune response, and side effects, such as blood clotting, and provide a durable immune response will offer better protection from the deadly COVID-19 virus, the study said. 2021 Nov 15;360:577703. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577703. Guillain-Barre syndrome should be monitored upon mass vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Transl Res. Dynamic IgG seropositivity after rollout of CoronaVac and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines in Chile: A sentinel surveillance study. The blood group types did not affect the clinical outcomes. "There are two possibilities: You're Type O so you might not contract the virus because it has no landing stripthere's nothing to attach to," Dr. Udden explains. Type B Negative. After adjusting for age, sex, occupation, blood type, interval between doses of vaccination, vaccination duration, and BMI, the highest geometric mean concentration (GMC) of neutralizing antibodies was 53.1 IU/mL in the same-manufacturer vaccination group at 1530 days, which was slightly but significantly higher than the 44.6 IU/mL found in the mixed-manufacturer vaccination group (p < 0.001) (Table2; Figure2B). In 2020, scientists started talking about a link between blood type and Covid. Front. We excluded 14 (2.4%) participants from the regression analysis and mixed model analysis due to missing data: 8 who withdrew their consent, 2 who did not answer age-related questions, 2 who missed a follow-up visit, and 2 who did not provide blood samples (Figure1). This article is part of Harvard Medical School's continuing coverage of medicine, biomedical research, medical education and policy related to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the disease COVID-19. Kaulen LD, Doubrovinskaia S, Mooshage C, Jordan B, Purrucker J, Haubner C, Seliger C, Lorenz HM, Nagel S, Wildemann B, Bendszus M, Wick W, Schnenberger S. Eur J Neurol. Acceptance of COVID-19 booster vaccination based on the protection motivation theory: A cross-sectional study in China. (AC) Kinetics of interferon-gamma levels according to (A) age, (B) blood type, and (C) occupation. According to Public Health England, most side-effects from two Covid vaccines - Pfizer/BioNTech and Oxford/AstraZeneca - are mild and short-lived. Lancet Infect Dis (2022) 22:5663. Opens in a new tab or window, Visit us on LinkedIn. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.065, 16. 2021 Sep 2;17(9):2957-2958. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1922061. Finally, individuals with certain occupations, including workers, especially older individuals and men, had low levels of antibodies and had weakened cellular immune responses following the second dose compared to their counterparts, suggesting that a longer gap between vaccine doses, which is a strategy in effect in some countries, should be re-evaluated, especially for more susceptible populations. Med Sci Monit (2022) 28:e938532. We also evaluated CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts, B-cell counts, and IFN- and IL-6 levels after stimulation with the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 in 543, 539, 513, and 512 individuals, respectively. In addition, a 2020 analysis in The Lancet found that compared to Covid patients who werent in intensive care, those who were critically ill in the ICU and died had higher VWF antigens in their blood. An independent data-monitoring committee, comprising independent scientists not involved in this study, has been reviewing the data regularly for safety and scientific integrity. We dont know why people with Type O might possibly be more protectedbut there are a lot of theories. Costa Clemens SA, Weckx L, Clemens R, Almeida Mendes AV, Ramos Souza A, Silveira MBV, et al. A review of neurological side effects of COVID-19 vaccination. Case Rep Infect Dis. Then, a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine confirmed the idea with a peer-reviewed study: Folks with Type A blood were 45 percent more likely to become infected with Covid than those with other blood types, while those with Type O were 35 percent less likely. Li G, Cappuccini F, Marchevsky NG, Aley PK, Aley R, Anslow R, et al. It is observed that severity of infection would be high among B blood group people. 14:1107866. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107866. } Participants with blood type A had lower levels of neutralizing antibodies than those with blood type B during 114 days after vaccination (least-square mean difference = 15.8, 95% CI 11.025.2; p = 0.044) (Table S2). The side effects mean your body is working hard to build the antibodies and cells it will need to fight the virus, if or when you are exposed to it. Booster shots were administered to people at least 6 months after their previous vaccination on October 20, 2021 (49). Opens in a new tab or window, Visit us on YouTube. Latest research and advice on side effects and allergic reactions related to COVID-19 vaccines. Possible side effects: Pain, redness, or swelling at the site where the shot was administered, and/or tiredness, headache, muscle pain, chills, fever, or nausea throughout the rest of the body. A new study has good news for more than a third of Americans. The observations made in the "Study of blood group analysis and its correlation with lymphopenia in Covid- 19 infected people" were carried during the first wave of cases for two months in a retrospective manner. First-line lorlatinib or crizotinib in advanced ALK-positive lung cancer. Shutterstock The researchers at St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto, Canada, examined the test results of 225,556 Canadians who had been tested for COVID-19 between Jan. 15 and Jun. Many COVID-19 . Additional research and review papers have confirmed that we're in more or less the same place: It looks like there really is an association between Type A blood and susceptibility to Covid and Type O blood and less susceptibility. National Library of Medicine The concentration kinetics of IgG neutralizing antibodies were evaluated against the RBD for all study participants at least once during the 8-month timeframe and at least four times for 119 participants (20%).
Ledo House Dressing,
Cheltenham Town Academy Staff,
Articles B
